Evaluasi Kinerja Operasional Sepeda Motor Listrik untuk Transportasi Wisata Bali Berbasis Simulasi Terkalibrasi

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Arif Devi Dwipayana
Adrian Pradana
I Wayan Yudi Martha Wiguna

Abstract

Transportasi wisata di Bali menghadapi tantangan berupa tingginya emisi, biaya operasional, serta kebutuhan sistem transportasi yang lebih berkelanjutan. Sejalan dengan kebijakan percepatan Kendaraan Bermotor Listrik Berbasis Baterai (KBLBB) dan pengembangan pariwisata rendah emisi, sepeda motor listrik dipandang sebagai salah satu alternatif moda transportasi yang berpotensi mendukung mobilitas wisata yang lebih efisien dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kinerja operasional sepeda motor listrik sebagai moda transportasi wisata berkelanjutan di Bali melalui analisis konsumsi energi, jangkauan efektif, biaya energi per kilometer, frekuensi dan durasi pengisian, serta availability layanan menggunakan pendekatan simulasi operasional terkalibrasi. Kalibrasi model dilakukan berdasarkan parameter konsumsi energi, kapasitas baterai, tarif listrik, dan karakteristik perjalanan yang diperoleh dari literatur empiris serta kondisi operasional representatif kawasan wisata Bali. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan konsumsi energi rata-rata sebesar 0,055 kWh/km, jangkauan efektif sekitar 54,5 km, dan biaya energi sekitar Rp91/km atau sekitar 64% lebih rendah dibandingkan sepeda motor berbahan bakar minyak pada skenario yang dianalisis. Availability operasional meningkat dari 72,1% pada skenario full charging menjadi 83,7% pada partial charging dan 98,4% pada battery swapping. Analisis sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas baterai paling memengaruhi jangkauan, tarif listrik paling berpengaruh terhadap biaya energi, sedangkan durasi pengisian berpengaruh terhadap availability operasional. Meskipun masih didasarkan pada asumsi simulasi terkalibrasi dan pembandingan eksternal pada indikator tertentu, hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa sepeda motor listrik berpotensi mendukung transportasi wisata jarak pendek hingga menengah di Bali. Penelitian ini memberikan masukan teknis awal untuk pengembangan infrastruktur pengisian pada kawasan wisata strategis, penerapan battery swapping atau opportunity charging untuk layanan berintensitas tinggi, serta perencanaan kebijakan dan jaringan pengisian kendaraan listrik yang lebih terukur.

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