Peran Legalitas Surat Izin Mengemudi terhadap Perilaku Berkendara Sepeda Motor di Indonesia

Article Sidebar

PDF
Published: 2025-06-26
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25104/jptd.v27i1.2396
Keywords:
extended theory of planned behavior (TPB), kebiasaan berkendara, perilaku berkendara berisiko, surat izin mengemudi (SIM)
Abstract : 90 | PDF : 101

Dimensions

Altmetrics

Main Article Content

Devianty Safitri
Fakultas Teknik Industri Universitas Sebelas Maret
Bambang Suhardi
Fakultas Teknik Industri Universitas Sebelas Maret
Eko Pujianto
Fakultas Teknik Industri Universitas Sebelas Maret

Abstract

Pesatnya pertumbuhan sepeda motor di Indonesia telah membawa dampak signifikan terhadap keselamatan lalu lintas, terutama dengan meningkatnya angka kecelakaan akibat perilaku berkendara berisiko. Salah satu upaya mengontrol perilaku ini adalah melalui legalitas surat izin mengemudi (SIM) yang bertujuan memastikan pengemudi memiliki kompetensi yang memadai. Namun, sistem penerbitan SIM di Indonesia sering kali masih menghadapi tantangan berupa praktik percaloan yang memungkinkan pengemudi memperoleh SIM tanpa melalui prosedur resmi yang mencakup ujian kelayakan sesuai aturan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh legalitas SIM terhadap perilaku berkendara berisiko dan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor lain yang relevan menggunakan kerangka extended theory of planned behavior (TPB). Dengan melibatkan 355 responden yang dipilih melalui purposive sampling, data dianalisis menggunakan partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) untuk unigroup dan multigroup. Analisis unigroup dilakukan pada satu kelompok sampel. Analisis multigroup dilakukan pada dua atau lebih kelompok sampel terpisah untuk membandingkan apakah model analisis atau hubungan di antara variabel berbeda secara signifikan antar kelompok tersebut. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok yang memperoleh SIM melalui jalur resmi dan calo dalam memengaruhi perilaku berkendara berisiko. Namun, variabel kebiasaan berkendara (KB), niat berkendara (NB), kontrol perilaku (KP), dan sikap (SK) tetap memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap perilaku tersebut, di mana kebiasaan berkendara menjadi faktor dominan. Temuan ini menekankan perlunya reformasi sistem penerbitan SIM dan penguatan pendidikan keselamatan berkendara untuk mewujudkan pengendara yang lebih bertanggung jawab dan mengurangi risiko kecelakaan.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

Issue

Vol. 27 No. 1 (2025): Jurnal Penelitian Transportasi Darat

Section

Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Usulan Pembuatan Informasi Hak Cipta


1. Kebijakan yang diajukan untuk jurnal yang menawarkan akses terbuka

Syarat yang harus dipenuhi oleh Penulis sebagai berikut:

 

  1. Penulis menyimpan hak cipta dan memberikan jurnal hak penerbitan pertama naskah secara simultan dengan lisensi di bawah Creative Commons Attribution License yang mengizinkan orang lain untuk berbagi pekerjaan dengan sebuah pernyataan kepenulisan pekerjaan dan penerbitan awal di jurnal ini.
  2. Penulis dapat memasukkan ke dalam penyusunan kontraktual tambahan terpisah untuk distribusi non ekslusif versi kaya terbitan jurnal (contoh: mempostingnya ke repositori institusional atau menerbitkannya dalam sebuah buku), dengan pengakuan penerbitan awalnya di jurnal ini.
  3. Penulis diizinkan dan didorong untuk mem-posting karya mereka online (contoh: di repositori institusional atau di website mereka) sebelum dan selama proses penyerahan, karena dapat mengarahkan ke pertukaran produktif, seperti halnya sitiran yang lebih awal dan lebih hebat dari karya yang diterbitkan.

Kebijakan yang diajukan untuk jurnal yang menawarkan akses terbuka yang tertunda

Penulis yang menerbitkan dengan jurnal ini setuju pada persyaratan berikut ini:

  1. Penulis menyimpan hak cipta dan memberikan jurnal hak penerbitan pertama, dengan pekerjaan [TENTUKAN PERIODE WAKTU] setelah penerbitan secara simultan dengan lisensi di bawah: Creative Commons Attribution License yang memudahkan yang lain untuk berbagi karya dengan pengakuan penerbitan awal dan kepenulisan karya di jurnal ini.
  2. Penulis bisa memasukkan ke dalam penyusunan kontraktual tambahan terpisah untuk distribusi non-ekslusif versi kaya terbitan jurnal (contoh: mempostingnya ke repositori institusional atau menerbitkannya dalam sebuah buku), dengan pengakuan penerbitan awalnya di jurnal ini.
  3. Penulis diizinkan dan didorong untuk mem-posting karya mereka online (contoh: di repositori institusional atau di website mereka) sebelum dan selama proses penyerahan, karena dapat mengarahkan ke pertukaran produktif, seperti halnya sitiran yang lebih awal dan lebih hebat dari karya yang diterbitkan.

 

Lisensi Creative Commons
Jurnal Penelitian Transportasi Darat oleh Sekretariat Jurnal Penelitian Transportasi Darat Puslitbang Transportasi Jalan dan Perkeretaapian disebarluaskan di bawah Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-NonKomersial-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional.
Berdasarkan ciptaan pada //balitbanghub.dephub.go.id/ojs/index.php/jurnaldarat/index.

References

[1] Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), “Perkembangan Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor Menurut Jenis (Unit),” 2024.

[2] B. Suhardi, A. Rosyidasari, dan K. F. Adhitya, Ergonomi Transportasi Implementasi Desain Rambu-Rambu Lalu Lintas dan Model Fitness for Duty. Yogyakarta: Deepublish Digital, 2022.

[3] Kominfo, “Angka Kematian Kecelakaan Transportasi Turun Sepanjang 2023,” 2024. Diakses: 17 Desember 2024. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://indonesia.go.id/kategori/editorial/7879/angka-kematian-kecelakaan-transportasi-turun-sepanjang-2023?lang=1.

[4] Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), “Statistik Transportasi Darat 2022 (Land transportation statistics),” 2023. Diakses: 18 November 2024. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2023/11/27/5a5e4c75e4a25d44b1846446/statistik-transportasi-darat-2022.html.

[5] POLRI, “Surat Izin Mengemudi (SIM).” Diakses: 27 November 2024. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://polri.go.id/sim.

[6] M. M. Iqbal, S. Firnando, B. E. Gego, dan G. I. Ardana, “Pandangan Masyarakat atas Pembuatan SIM di Surabaya,” Jurnal Penelitian Administrasi Publik , vol. 6, no. 2, hlm. 185–201, 2020.

[7] A. Chakraborty dan B. Maitra, “Riding behaviours of motorcyclists in mixed traffic condition and its association with crash risk,” Case Stud Transp Policy, vol. 16, hlm. 101177, Jun 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101177.

[8] P. Tanaporn, B. Sarunya, dan K. Mondha, “Factors Predicting Safe Motorcyclist Riding Behaviors among Thai Undergraduates,” Open Public Health J., vol. 17, no. 1, Jan 2024, doi: 10.2174/0118749445281386231227094640.

[9] L. M. Martín-delosReyes, V. Martínez-Ruiz, M. Rivera-Izquierdo, E. Jiménez-Mejías, dan P. Lardelli-Claret, “Is driving without a valid license associated with an increased risk of causing a road crash?,” Accid Anal Prev, vol. 149, hlm. 105872, Jan 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105872.

[10] K. Bucsuházy, E. Matuchová, R. Zůvala, P. Moravcová, M. Kostíková, dan R. Mikulec, “Human factors contributing to the road traffic accident occurrence,” Transportation Research Procedia, vol. 45, hlm. 555–561, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2020.03.057.

[11] W. C. Goh, L. V Leong, dan R. J. X. Cheah, “Assessing significant factors affecting risky riding behaviors of motorcyclists,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 2020. doi: 10.3390/APP10186608.

[12] S. S. Chouhan, A. Kathuria, dan C. R. Sekhar, “Examining risky riding behavior in India using Motorcycle rider behavior questionnaire,” Accid Anal Prev, vol. 160, hlm. 106312, Sep 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106312.

[13] F. Lucidi dkk., “Riding the Adolescence: Personality Subtypes in Young Moped Riders and Their Association With Risky Driving Attitudes and Behaviors,” Front Psychol, vol. 10, Feb 2019. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00300.

[14] D. Q. Nguyen-Phuoc, O. Oviedo-Trespalacios, T. Nguyen, dan D. N. Su, “The effects of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours on risky riding behaviours – A study on app-based motorcycle taxi riders in Vietnam,” J. Transp Health, vol. 16, hlm. 100666, Mar 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2019.100666.

[15] H. Ospina-Mateus, L. Quintana Jiménez, dan F. J. López-Valdés, “Analyzing traffic conflicts and the behavior of motorcyclists at unsignalized three-legged and four-legged intersections in Cartagena, Colombia,” Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 191, hlm. 107222, Okt 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107222.

[16] Y. Ding, X. Zhao, Y. Wu, X. Zhang, C. He, dan S. Liu, “How psychological factors affect speeding behavior: Analysis based on an extended theory of planned behavior in a Chinese sample,” Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav, vol. 93, hlm. 143–158, Feb 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2023.01.003.

[17] J. Xu, H. Liu, X. Liu, dan C. Gao, “Extended theory of planned behavior to explain the influence mechanism of low-speed driving behavior,” PLoS One, vol. 18, no. 10, hlm. e0287489, Okt 2023. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287489.

[18] Z. Li, S. S. Man, A. H. S. Chan, dan J. Zhu, “Integration of Theory of Planned Behavior, Sensation Seeking, and Risk Perception to Explain the Risky Driving Behavior of Truck Drivers,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 9, hlm. 5214, Mei 2021. doi: 10.3390/su13095214.

[19] J. N. Sirait dan G. A. Santoso, “Counterflow riding behavior of motorcyclists: The role of moral obligation and variables in The Theory of Planned Behavior,” IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci, vol. 1294, no. 1, hlm. 012010, Jan 2024. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1294/1/012010.

[20] W. Satiennam, T. Satiennam, T. Triyabutra, dan W. Rujopakarn, “Red light running by young motorcyclists: Factors and beliefs influencing intentions and behavior,” Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav, vol. 55, hlm. 234–245, Mei 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2018.03.007.

[21] T. V. Manh, L. N. Xuan, dan M. C. Cong, “Determinants of Risky Riding Behaviors Among High School Students in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,” hlm. 945–953, 2023. doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-3303-5_86.

[22] L. Van Le, L. X. Nguyen, M. C. Chu, dan N. Huynh, “Personality Traits Affecting Risky Riding Behavior: An Application of an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 24, hlm. 16586, Des 2023. doi: 10.3390/su152416586.

[23] N. Phuksuksakul, K. Kanitpong, dan S. Chantranuwathana, “Factors affecting behavior of mobile phone use while driving and effect of mobile phone use on driving performance,” Accid Anal Prev, vol. 151, hlm. 105945, Mar 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105945.

[24] I. Ajzen, “The theory of planned behavior,” Organ Behav Hum Decis Process, vol. 50, no. 2, hlm. 179–211, Des. 1991. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.

[25] S. Armitage, D. Rodwell, dan I. Lewis, “Applying an extended theory of planned behaviour to understand influences on safe driving intentions and behaviours,” Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav, vol. 90, hlm. 347–364, Okt 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2022.09.009.

[26] B. J. Pugliese, B. K. Barton, dan G. Lopez, “Predicting behavioral intentions for unsafe off-highway vehicle use,” J Safety Res, vol. 84, hlm. 404–410, Feb 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.12.003.

[27] S. Velantia, A. Widyanti, dan T. Yudhistira, “Prevalence of and intent behind motorcyclists’ violations at railway crossings in Indonesia: Modeling behavior and learning lessons from a developing country,” IATSS Research, vol. 48, no. 1, hlm. 27–39, Apr 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2024.01.002.

[28] H. Qaid dkk., “Speed choice and speeding behavior on Indonesian highways: Extending the theory of planned behavior,” IATSS Research, vol. 46, no. 2, hlm. 193–199, Jul 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2021.11.013.

[29] R. Rahmadiyani dan A. Widyanti, “Prevalence of drowsy driving and modeling its intention: An Indonesian case study,” Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect, vol. 19, hlm. 100824, Mei 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.trip.2023.100824.

[30] J.-H. Cheah, R. Thurasamy, M. A. Memon, F. Chuah, dan H. Ting, “Multigroup Analysis using SmartPLS: Step-by-Step Guidelines for Business Research,” Asian Journal of Business Research, vol. 10, no. 3, Des 2020. doi: 10.14707/ajbr.200087.

[31] D. Q. Nguyen-Phuoc, C. De Gruyter, H. A. Nguyen, T. Nguyen, dan D. Ngoc Su, “Risky behaviours associated with traffic crashes among app-based motorcycle taxi drivers in Vietnam,” Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav, vol. 70, hlm. 249–259, Apr 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2020.03.010.

[32] L. V. Leong, S. A. Mohd Shafie, P. K. Gooi, dan W. C. Goh, “Assessing Self-Reported Risky Riding Behavior of Motorcyclists at Unsignalized Intersections for Sustainable Transportation,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 16, hlm. 9144, Agu 2021. doi: 10.3390/su13169144.

[33] J. F. Hair, C. M. Ringle, dan M. Sarstedt, “PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet,” Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, vol. 19, no. 2, hlm. 139–152, Apr 2011. doi: 10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202.

[34] K. K.-K. Wong, “Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Techniques Using SmartPLS,” Marketing Bulletin, vol. 24, hlm. 1–32, 2013.

[35] T. T. Pham, H. Lingard, dan R. P. Zhang, “Factors influencing construction workers’ intention to transfer occupational health and safety training,” Saf Sci, vol. 167, hlm. 106288, Nov 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106288.

[36] W. W. Chin dan J. Dibbern, An Introduction to a Permutation Based Procedure for Multi-Group PLS Analysis: Results of Tests of Differences on Simulated Data and a Cross Cultural Analysis of the Sourcing of Information System Services Between Germany and the USA, dalam Handbook of Partial Least Squares, Springer, 2010, hlm. 171–193.

[37] M. Sarstedt, J. Henseler, dan C. M. Ringle, “Multigroup Analysis in Partial Least Squares (PLS) Path Modeling: Alternative Methods and Empirical Results,” hlm. 195–218, 2011. doi: 10.1108/S1474-7979(2011)0000022012.

[38] J. Henseler, C. M. Ringle, dan M. Sarstedt, “Testing measurement invariance of composites using partial least squares,” International Marketing Review, vol. 33, no. 3, hlm. 405–431, Mei 2016. doi: 10.1108/IMR-09-2014-0304.

[39] I. Ghozali, Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan programm IBM SPSS 19, 5 ed. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, 2011.

[40] B. Demir, J. Du, B. J. Hansma, H.-Y. W. Chen, H. Gu, dan B. Donmez, “Cell phone-related driver distraction: Habits predict behavior over and above the theory of planned behavior variables,” Accid Anal Prev., vol. 192, hlm. 107200, Nov 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107200.

[41] M. Baikejuli, J. Shi, dan Q. Qian, “Mobile phone use among truck drivers: The application and extension of the theory of planned behavior,” Accid Anal Prev, vol. 179, hlm. 106894, Jan 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106894.

[42] M. H. González-Serrano, I. Valantine, R. Matić, I. Milovanović, R. Sushko, dan F. Calabuig, “Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions in European sports science students: Towards the development of future sports entrepreneurs,” European Research on Management and Business Economics, vol. 29, no. 3, hlm. 100229, Sep 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.iedeen.2023.100229.

[43] B. Verplanken dan H. Aarts, “Habit, Attitude, and Planned Behaviour: Is Habit an Empty Construct or an Interesting Case of Goal-directed Automaticity?,” Eur Rev Soc Psychol, vol. 10, no. 1, hlm. 101–134, Jan 1999. doi: 10.1080/14792779943000035.

[44] J. Boaler, Limitless Mind. New York: HarperOne, 2021.

[45] T. Satiennam, N. Akapin, W. Satiennam, J. Kumphong, N. Kronprasert, dan V. Ratanavaraha, “Wrong way driving intention and behavior of young motorcycle riders,” Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect, vol. 19, hlm. 100827, Mei 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.trip.2023.100827.

[46] C. Gieure, M. del M. Benavides-Espinosa, dan S. Roig-Dobón, “The entrepreneurial process: The link between intentions and behavior,” J Bus Res, vol. 112, hlm. 541–548, Mei 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.088.

[47] L. Jin, B. Guo, Y. Jiang, dan Q. Hua, “Analysis on the Influencing Factors of Driving Behaviours Based on Theory of Planned Behaviour,” Advances in Civil Engineering, vol. 2021, hlm. 1–13, Jan 2021. doi: 10.1155/2021/6687674.

[48] T. Ha, D. Rodwell, dan T. Senserrick, “Exploring parental attachment, perceived social support, theory of planned behaviour and the safe driving of young people,” Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav, vol. 99, hlm. 408–428, Nov 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2023.10.024.

[49] Y. Chen, X. Liu, J. Xu, dan H. Liu, “Underestimated Risk Perception Characteristics of Drivers Based on Extended Theory of Planned Behavior,” Int J Environ Res Public Health, vol. 19, no. 5, hlm. 2744, Feb., 2022. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19052744.

[50] Kepolisian Republik Indonesia, “ Surat Izin Mengemudi (SIM),” Kepolisian Republik Indonesia. [Online]. Diakses: 27 Nov 2024. Tersedia pada: https://polri.go.id/sim.

[51] S. Yu dan W.-D. Tsai, “The effects of road safety education on the occurrence of motorcycle violations and accidents for novice riders: An analysis of population-based data,” Accid Anal Prev, vol. 163, hlm. 106457, Des 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106457.

[52] Gliem Joseph A. dan Gliem Rosemary R., “Calculating, interpreting, and reporting Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for Likert-type scales,” 2003.

[53] C. Fornell dan D. F. Larcker, “Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics,” Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 18, no. 3, hlm. 382–388, Agu., 1981. doi: 10.1177/002224378101800313.

[54] J. F. J. Hair, G. T. M. Hult, C. M. Ringle, dan M. Sarstedt, A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Third. SAGE Publication, 2016.

[55] T. K. Dijkstra dan J. Henseler, “Linear indices in nonlinear structural equation models: best fitting proper indices and other composites,” Qual Quant, vol. 45, no. 6, hlm. 1505–1518, Okt 2011, doi: 10.1007/s11135-010-9359-z.

[56] S. S. Man, A. H. S. Chan, dan S. Alabdulkarim, “Quantification of risk perception: Development and validation of the construction worker risk perception (CoWoRP) scale,” J Safety Res, vol. 71, hlm. 25–39, Des 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2019.09.009.

[57] J. Jalaludin, N. Widyaningsih, dan H. Dwiatmoko, “THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR APPLICATION ON MOTORCYCLE RIDER SAFETY BEHAVIOR,” astonjadro, vol. 11, no. 1, hlm. 198, Des 2021, doi: 10.32832/astonjadro.v11i1.5990.

[58] D. Quy Nguyen-Phuoc, N. Xuan Mai, I. Kim, dan O. Oviedo-Trespalacios, “Questioning penalties and road safety Policies: Are they enough to deter risky motorcyclist Behavior?,” Accid Anal Prev, vol. 207, hlm. 107756, Nov 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107756.

[59] D. D. Dinh, “Factors influencing drink driving intention among motorcyclists in Vietnam,” Traffic Inj Prev, vol. 24, no. 6, hlm. 445–451, Agu 2023, doi: 10.1080/15389588.2023.2223328.

[60] R. D. Ledesma, J. D. Tosi, C. M. Díaz-Lázaro, dan F. M. Poó, “Predicting road safety behavior with implicit attitudes and the Theory of Planned Behavior,” J Safety Res, vol. 66, hlm. 187–194, Sep 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2018.07.006.

[61] S. Esmaeli, K. Aghabayk, dan L. Bates, “Willingness and intention to run a red light among motorcyclists,” J Safety Res, vol. 83, hlm. 66–78, Des 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.08.005.

[62] K. Somoray, K. M. White, B. Watson, dan I. Lewis, “Predicting risky driving behaviours using the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis,” Accid Anal Prev, vol. 208, hlm. 107797, Des 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107797.

[63] M. Cristea, F. Paran, dan P. Delhomme, “Extending the theory of planned behavior: The role of behavioral options and additional factors in predicting speed behavior,” Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav, vol. 21, hlm. 122–132, Nov 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2013.09.009.

[64] M. A. Elliott dan J. A. Thomson, “The social cognitive determinants of offending drivers’ speeding behaviour,” Accid Anal Prev, vol. 42, no. 6, hlm. 1595–1605, Nov 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.03.018.

[65] S. E. Forward, “The theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive norms and past behaviour in the prediction of drivers’ intentions to violate,” Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav, vol. 12, no. 3, hlm. 198–207, Mei 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2008.12.002.

[66] P. De Pelsmacker dan W. Janssens, “The effect of norms, attitudes and habits on speeding behavior: Scale development and model building and estimation,” Accid Anal Prev, vol. 39, no. 1, hlm. 6–15, Jan 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2006.05.011.

[67] A. Pervez, J. J. Lee, W. Ullah, C. Han, M. Hussain, dan C. Lee, “Risky riding behaviors among motorcyclists and self-reported safety events in Pakistan,” Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav, vol. 105, hlm. 350–367, Agu 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2024.07.016.

[68] M. Hussain, J. Shi, dan Z. Batool, “An investigation of the effects of motorcycle-riding experience on aberrant driving behaviors and road traffic accidents-A case study of Pakistan,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, vol. 27, no. 1, hlm. 70–79, Jan 2022, doi: 10.1080/13588265.2020.1774479.

[69] Y. Umniyatun, M. I. Nurmansyah, Y. Farradika, T. B. Purnama, dan D. N. Hidayat, “Motorcycle risky behaviours and road accidents among adolescents in Jakarta metropolitan area, Indonesia,” Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot, vol. 28, no. 3, hlm. 339–346, Jul 2021, doi: 10.1080/17457300.2021.1928229.

[70] J.-T. Wong, Y.-S. Chung, dan S.-H. Huang, “Determinants behind young motorcyclists’ risky riding behavior,” Accid Anal Prev, vol. 42, no. 1, hlm. 275–281, Jan 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.08.004.

[71] L. J. Bates, A. Filtness, dan B. Watson, “Driver Education and Licensing Programs,” 2018, hlm. 13–36. doi: 10.1108/S2044-994120180000011002.

[72] J. T. Shope, “Graduated driver licensing: Review of evaluation results since 2002,” J Safety Res, vol. 38, no. 2, hlm. 165–175, Jan 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2007.02.004.

[73] P. Stanojević, T. Lajunen, D. Jakšić, D. Jovanović, dan B. Matović, “Effectiveness of implementing a Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) law among young Serbian drivers,” J Safety Res, vol. 83, hlm. 339–348, Des 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.09.008.

[74] D. F. Shell, I. M. Newman, A. L. Córdova-Cazar, dan J. M. Heese, “Driver education and teen crashes and traffic violations in the first two years of driving in a graduated licensing system,” Accid Anal Prev, vol. 82, hlm. 45–52, Sep 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.05.011.

[75] Y. C. Wang, R. D. Foss, A. H. Goodwin, A. E. Curry, dan B. C. Tefft, “The effect of extending graduated driver licensing to older novice drivers in Indiana,” J Safety Res, vol. 74, hlm. 103–108, Sep 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.04.001.

[76] A. F. Williams, “Graduated driver licensing (GDL) in the United States in 2016: A literature review and commentary,” J Safety Res, vol. 63, hlm. 29–41, Des 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2017.08.010.